About half of all dogs show some form of white spotting which can range from a few white marks in the Bernese mountain dog to extreme white coat color in Dalmatians and white boxer. But why have dogs so often white markings, and how can we explain how they are determined genetically? This has researchers from SciLifeLab spread new light on in an article that is now published in the scientific journal PLoS One.
There is a widespread misconception that white spotting in dogs has arisen as a by-product when we have selected for a tame behavior.
‘The main reason that dogs have various forms of white spotting is that we have deliberately chosen dogs with white spots for breeding’, says Leif Andersson, one of the researchers behind the study.
This has been the breeding practice for thousands of years, which is illustrated by the Roman authority on agriculture, Columella, who already around 100 AD described that shepherds preferred white sheep-herding dogs because they were easier to distinguish from wolves if they had to chase away wolves at dawn or dusk.
In the article, the researchers show that the white coat color in dogs is caused by mutations in the MITF gene that is crucial for normal development of pigment cells. The researchers show that these mutations do not affect the MITF protein but rather its genetic regulation.
‘These white markings occur not because the dogs cannot produce pigment but because they completely lack pigment cells in the skin in the areas that have white markings’, says Izabella Baranowska Körberg who obtained her PhD degree at SLU on a thesis in which this study was included.
‘As a result of the change in MITF gene regulation, not all pigment cells find their way to the dog’s skin during embryonic and fetal development. Since pigment cells also have an important function in the inner ear some dogs (5–15 per cent) with extreme white spotting as white boxers and Dalmatians are affected by impaired hearing or deafness’, says Göran Andersson who together with Leif Andersson led this research collaboration.
One of the researchers behind the article is Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Co-Director of SciLifeLab.